When it is under stress, it produces hydrocyanic acid which is toxic to grazing livestock. Aruna c, audilakshmi s 2008 reproductive biology and breeding behaviour of sorghum. Grain sorghum acreage expanded in most of the traditional grain sorghum producing counties in 2002. Handweeding is effective only when the plants are young and when the soil is softened or loose enough to remove all roots and rhizomes without. Grain sorghum is the most commonly cultivated agronomic type of sorghum worldwide berenji and dahlberg, 2004. Sorghum halepense authorship and citation feis abbreviation synonyms nrcs plant code common names. The scientific name of johnson grass is sorghum halepense l. Provided by usda nrcs national plant data center npdc. Furthermore, special attention is given to the important role of field trials.
Manual of vascular plants of northeastern united states and adjacent canada. The optimum high temperature depends on the species and varies from 2225c in apium graveolens thompson, 1974 to 45c in sorghum halepense harrington, 1923. Seventeen of the 25 species are native to australia, with the range of some extending to africa, asia, mesoamerica, and certain islands in the indian and pacific oceans. Biology and management of johnsongrass sorghum halepense introduction johnsongrass sorghum halepense is a summer perennial grass native to the mediterranean region. Genetics, genomics and breeding of sorghum crc press book sorghum is one of the hardiest crop plants in modern agriculture and also one of the most versatile.
The book presented should help to synthesize the literature and achievements in the research on the biology of sorghum in the 21st century. This weed is adapted to warmer regions and is native to mediterranean areas of africa, asia, and europe. Book of abstracts of the vii congress on plant protection. It is considered a weed in all annual agricultural crops, orchards, vineyards, ditches, roadsides and fence rows. It was introduced to the united states in the early 1800s as a potential forage crop. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Sorghum is a resilient crop under highstress environments, ensuring productivity and access to food when other crops fail. Genomic tools and information are being applied to harness new sources of variations by using s. Genetics, genomics and breeding of sorghum crc press book.
An industrial perspective explores the many uses for sorghum in industry and biofuels. Sorghum grain is the fifth most important cereal in the world. Interference potential of sorghum halepense on soil and plant. Ecobiology, impact, and management of sorghum halepense l. Decreases nutrient and moisture availability to other plants. Johnsongrass sorghum halepense is an invasive exotic grass and. Sorghum handbook white sorghum, the new food grain developing markets, enabling trade, improving lives.
Its seeds provide calorie for food and feed, stalks for building and industrial materials and its juice for syrup. Kowal, department of botany, university of wisconsinmadison. Accelerated development in johnsongrass seedlings sorghum. There are no critical maximum or minimum daily temperatures for germination of lycopus europaeus seeds, if the difference between the two temperatures exceeds 7c thompson, 1969a. Pdf sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of poor people in the semiarid tropics of africa and asia. Sorghum halepense with its white leaf vein, wide leaves, and reddish. Sorghum handbook agricultural marketing resource center. It is one of the important dryland crops grown in marginal soils and a source of feed, fodder. Introductory distribution and occurrence botanical and ecological characteristics fire ecology fire effects management considerations references introductory species. Some of these species have grown as cereals for human consumption and some in pastures for animals.
Overview appearance sorghum halepense is a tall up to 8 ft. The atlas of florida plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Seasonal trends of postemergence herbicide phytotoxicity in johnsongrass sorghum halepense. This page was last edited on 20 september 2017, at 17. Sorghum halepense acs publications american chemical society. In 2009, 82% of harvested area of sorghum was within africa and asia fao, 2011. Reddy belum vs, ramesh s, ashok kumar a, gowda cll eds sorghum improvement in the new millennium. By the end of the 19th century johnson grass was growing throughout most of the united states mcwhorter 1981. The 1889 book the useful native plants of australia records that sorghum halepense is a strong, erectgrowing. The mentioned counties are also the largest producing ones, with phillips ranking. Several members of the clade, exemplified by sorghum halepense johnsongrass offer insights into weediness and invasion biology. Flowering sorghum seed head and vegetation in tucson, arizona. Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties.
The plant has been introduced to all continents except antarctica, and most larger islands and archipelagos. Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency itis teams. Data source and references for sorghum halepense johnsongrass from the usda plants database. It reproduces by rhizomes and seeds johnson grass has been used for forage and to stop erosion, but it is often considered a weed because. Sorghum is among the top five cereals and one of the key crops in global food security efforts. Home profile page data source and documentation for sorghum halepense l. Johnsongrass sorghum halepense is a summer perennial grass native to the mediterranean region. Key aspects on the biology, ecology and impacts of. Sorghum species are interfertile, and johnsongrass readily hybridizes with sorghum s. The crop is a heat and drought tolerant, drylandadapted crop that is generally grown in marginal crop production areas. A young boy feeding an ox with sorghum leaves and thin stalks. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or regulatory purposes. Nonnative plant invasiveness ranking form assessment for invasive plants not in trade form originally created for use in new york indiana form version date. Land preparation using guzza oxen and labour sharing scheme.
Sorghum halepense an overview sciencedirect topics. Wider taxonomic and genomic range of the genus sorghum. Key aspects on the biology, ecology and impacts of sorghum. Other problems can arise from gene transfer between sorghum halepense and s. Indiana nonnative plant invasiveness ranking form assessment for invasive plants not in trade form originally created for use in new york indiana form version date. Sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of poor people in the semiarid tropics of africa and asia. Scientists see the potential of sorghum as a main staple food in a future challenged by climate change. Photo by jonathan walther, usda nrcs, tucson plant materials center alternate names activity in the soil is similar to the activity of a pre alternate common names. Sustained gains in plant breeding rely on variation in crop gene pool. This document provides an overview of baseline biological information relevant to risk assessment of genetically modified forms of the species that may be released into the. The universally accepted name sorghumhalepense refers to the town of allepo in syria, the origin of the specimen described by linneaus.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Moench is a subject of plant genomics research based on its importance as one of the worlds leading cereal crops, a biofuels crop of high and growing importance, a progenitor of one of the worlds most noxious weeds, and a botanical model for many tropical grasses with complex genomes. Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family poaceae, which includes about 25 species. Biology department faculty work by department dordt. Fall panicum panicum dichotomiflorum michauxpandi is a summer annual, to 1 m tall, that resembles johnsongrass.
While every effort has been made to provide the most reliable and uptodate information available, ultimate legal requirements with respect to species are contained in. Orghum grain sorghum is the third most important cereal crop grown in the united states and the fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world. Dormancy and germination in 5 native species from savannah woodland communities of the northern territory australia. It was introduced to the southern united states in the early 1800s as a perennial forage crop and is still in use for cattle grazing in many states. Johnson grass or johnsongrass, sorghum halepense, is a plant in the grass family, poaceae. Francis counties saw their grain sorghum acreage increase between 72 and 177 percent as compared to the 2001 season. Sorghum halepense choose from the following categories of information. One species, sorghum bicolor, native to africa with many cultivated forms now, is an important crop worldwide, used for food as grain and in sorghum syrup or sorghum molasses, animal fodder, the production of alcoholic beverages, and biofuels. Johnson grass was first used as the common name in alabama, usa, where it was first cultivated as a fodder grass. The first sequence for a member of the clade, sorghum, as well as progress and challenges toward sequencing of additional members and the new opportunities that this will create, are also explored. Sorghum injera ethiopian pancake used for human food. The literature on various aspects of the biology of johnson grass.
November 1, 2010 3 it has been successfully used in controlling erosion due to its extensive rhizome network. Origin, classification, biology and improvement springerlink. Sorghum sorghum bicolor includes widely diverse types of annual and perennial types. Not only does it offer a detailed understanding of the physical and biochemical qualities of the grain, it also takes an indepth look at the role sorghum plays in such industries as brewing and ethanol production and the mechanics of postharvest processing and value addition. A rich history of genome analysis, culminating in the recent complete. Sorghum plant is a potentially attractive raw material for food, feed, fuel and industry hallgren et al. See our written findings for more information about johnsongrass sorghum halepense. An sorghum halepense in nahilalakip ha genus nga sorghum, ngan familia nga poaceae. Hosted by the usgs core science analytics and synthesis. The scientific name of johnsongrass is sorghum halepense l. Nodes and internodes of fall panicum give the plant a zigzag appearance.
May 27, 2016 sorghum is a smart food, feed, and bioenergy crop, adapted worldwide to temperate and tropical climates. Report on johnsongrass from the book weed control in natural areas in the western united states additional photos. Scientists see the potential of sorghum as a main staple food in. Sorghum halepense is a cosmopolitan weed thought to be native to the mediterranean region holm et al. This can result in smaller seed and reduced yield of the latter, and can complicate control of s. Over 231,000 sorghum accessions are conserved globally, with the international crops research institute for the semiarid tropics icrisat genebank holding 39,234. Center for field biology miscellaneous publication no. Millets and sorghum provides full and comprehensive coverage of these crucially important crops, their biology, world status and potential for improvement, and is an essential purchase for crop and plant scientists, and food scientists and technologists throughout the developed and developing world. Ecobiology, impact, and management of sorghum halepense. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the university of south florida and other herbaria. In the mid1900s, cultivation of this weed species as a potential forage crop resulted in its. Biology and management of johnsongrass sorghum halepense. Pers is a common and noxious worldwide weed of increasing distribution in many european countries.
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